Phases Representing Source Lengths of Tsunami in Tide Gauge Records     

Kuniaki Abe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(2-3):453-463

We identified a phase representing the source length of tsunami's in the tide gauge records around Japan. This phase was observed at tide stations, located in the direction of the long axis of the sources, for four large tsunamis: 1964 Niigata, 1968 Tokachi-oki, 1983 Nihonkaichubu, and 1993 Hokkaido-nanseioki. The phase consists of two continuous crests starting as the initial arrival and has a time length of 15–47 minutes. This is the time required to propagate across the source area along the long axis. Strong evidence that the phase is generated at the source is the good correlation between waveform observed at one side and time-inversed waveform at another side. The correlation results from the instantaneous generation of the source. The source lengths of 74–254 km were obtained under an assumption of sea depths at the sources and verified to coincide with ones within a relative error of 15% that were previously obtained by other methods.  相似文献   

Trace变换的基本理论及其在地震勘探中的应用     

聂鹏飞  李月  姚军 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2007,(Z1)

Trace变换是一种新的图象重建工具,在图象重建方面已取得很好的效果。推导了Trace变换公式中的一个公式:∫(ε(t))rdtq的反变换公式,并结合τ-p变换中坐标系的转换关系,讨论了它在地震勘探中应用的可能性。对80道单一理论水平合成记录作了正、反变换的分析。从原记录和反变换记录中分别取道分析,分析结果表明对80道理论水平记录能很好的恢复。  相似文献   

Comparing palaeolimnological and instrumental evidence of climate change for remote mountain lakes over the last 200 years   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

Richard W. Battarbee  John-Arvid Grytnes  Roy Thompson  Peter G. Appleby  Jordi Catalan  Atte Korhola  H.J.B. Birks  Einar Heegaard  Andrea Lami 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,28(1):161-179

This paper compares the palaeolimnological evidence for climate change over the last 200 years with instrumental climate data for the same period at seven European remote mountain lakes. The sites are Øvre Neådalsvatn (Norway), Saanajärvi (Finland), Gossenköllesee (Austria), Hagelseewli (Switzerland), Jezero v Ledvici (Slovenia), Estany Redó (Spain, Pyrenees), and Niné Terianske Pleso (Slovakia). We used multiple regression analysis to transfer homogenised lowland air temperature records to each of the sites, and these reconstructions were validated using data from on-site automatic weather stations. These data showed that mean annual temperature has varied over the last 200 years at each site by between 1 and 2 °C, typical of the high frequency variability found throughout the Holocene, and appropriate, therefore, to test the sensitivity of the various proxy methods used. Sediment cores from each site were radiometrically dated using ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ²⁴¹Am and analysed for loss-on-ignition, C, N, S, pigments, diatoms, chrysophytes, Cladocera and chironomids. Comparisons between the proxy data and the instrumental data were based on linear regression analysis with the proxy data treated as response variables and the instrumental data (after smoothing using LOESS regressions) as predictor variables. The results showed few clear or consistent patterns with generally low or very low r² values. Highest values were found when the data were compared after smoothing using a broad span, indicating that some of the proxy data were capturing climate variability but only at a relatively coarse time resolution. Probable reasons for the weak performance of the methods used include inaccurate dating, especially for earlier time periods, the influence of confounding forcing factors at some sites e.g., air pollution, earthquakes, and the insensitivity of some methods to low amplitude climate forcing. Nevertheless, there were trends in some proxy records at a number of sites that had a relatively unambiguous correspondence with the instrumental climate records. These included organic matter and associated variables (C and N) and planktonic diatom assemblages at the majority of sites and chrysophytes and chironomids at a few sites. Overall for longer term studies of the Holocene, these results indicate the need to be cautious in the interpretation of proxy records, the importance of proxy method validation, the continuing need to use reinforcing multi-proxy approaches, and the need for careful site and method selection.  相似文献   

深海岩芯高分辨率的古环境记录-以南海北部陆坡17940-2柱状样为例     

邹建军  程新民  李双林 《世界地质》2003,22(3):226-230

本文将深海岩芯高分辩率记录的替代性指标分为沉积型和生物型两类。沉积型替代性指标主要包括沉积物的粒度，沉积速率，粘土矿物；生物型替代性指标主要包括有孔虫，氧同位素，古水温，有机碳通量。对比研究发现，17940—2柱状样沉积物的粒度、沉积速率、有孔虫，氧同位素，古水温，有机碳通量等指标记录海洋环境变化信息程度优于其它替代性指标；沉积型替代性指标与生物型替代性指标记录海洋环境变化信息不同步；海洋环境变化的突变与渐变影响替代性指标记录的同步性。  相似文献   

从化石记录看古人类起源和演化     

钱迈平 《江苏地质》2003,27(2):65-77,F003,T001,T002

古人类的起源及演化是一个极其复杂而远未解决的问题，目前掌握的重要化石材料包括：距今约5600万年的灵长类，约1700万年的人猿超科代表，620万年(?)-440万年的人科动物，以及约350万年(?)-200万年的古人类和人造石器等。中国是世界上古人类及与之演化相关的化石发现最多的国家之一，先后找到已知最早的高级灵长类——约4500万年前的曙猿化石，人猿超科的早期代表——l400万年和800万年前的古猿化石，240万年-200万年前的人造石器，200万年前的能人(?)化石，170万年前的直立人及28万年-20万年前的智人化石等。拟从迄今的化石记录人手勾勒出古人类起源及演化的大致轮廓。  相似文献   

Late Holocene δC and pollen records of paleosalinity from tidal marshes in the San Francisco Bay estuary, California     

Frances Malamud-Roam  B. Lynn Ingram 《Quaternary Research》2004,62(2):134-145

Records of stable carbon isotopes (δ¹³C) are presented from cores collected from four San Francisco Bay marshes and used as a proxy for changes in estuary salinity. The δ¹³C value of organic marsh sediments are a reflection of the relative proportion of C₃ vs. C₄ plants occupying the surface, and can thus be used as a proxy for vegetation change on the marsh surface. The four marshes included in this study are located along a natural salinity gradient that exists in the San Francisco Bay, and records of vegetation change at all four sites can be used to infer changes in overall estuary paleosalinity. The δ¹³C values complement pollen data from the same marsh sites producing a paleoclimate record for the late Holocene period in the San Francisco Bay estuary. The data indicate that there have been periods of higher-than-average salinity in the Bay estuary (reduced fresh water inflow), including 1600-1300 cal yr B.P., 1000-800 cal yr B.P., 300-200 cal yr B.P., and ca. A.D. 1950 to the present. Periods of lower-than-average salinity (increased fresh water inflow) occurred before 2000 cal yr B.P., from 1300 to 1200 cal yr B.P. and ca. 150 cal yr B.P. to A.D. 1950. A comparison of the timing of these events with records from the California coast, watershed, and beyond the larger drainage of the Bay reveals that the paleosalinity variations reflected regional precipitation.  相似文献   

PART II: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Estimations of Site Effects     

P. Triantafyllidis  P. M. Hatzidimitriou  P. Suhadolc  N. Theodulidis  A. Anastasiadis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(5-6):1205-1219

— To check the reliability and the quality of the theoretically estimated ground responses obtained from the 2-D simulation by the application of the hybrid method in PART-I, we compare some of them with those obtained at the same sites from observed data using the Standard Spectral Ratio (SSR). The comparison validates our synthetic modeling and shows that in cases of complex geometries, the use of at least 2-D numerical simulations is required in order to reliably evaluate site effects and thus facilitate the microzonation of the city of Thessaloniki.  相似文献   

黄土斜坡地震动时程分析          下载免费PDF全文

李忠生 《地震工程学报》2004,26(2):126-130

应用地震危险性分析理论和地震动人工合成技术，给出Newmark法中所需的地震动时程，解决了斜坡稳定性分析Newmark法中难以选取合适地震动时程的难题。通过对黄土斜坡实例计算，给出了坡体中地震动峰值加速度与深度的关系；在计算坡体位移时，提出了等效峰值加速度的概念；对比了使用地面地震动时程和使用坡体内等效地震动时程的计算结果。  相似文献   

贵州红枫湖纹理沉积物中近代气温记录   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

吴丰昌  万国江 《地理科学》1996,16(4):345-350

本通过红枫湖纹理沉积物柱芯碳酸盐特征剖面与流域气温资料对比、沉积纹理年代校正以及早期成岩化学过程对碳酸盐沉积记录的改造作用等方面的研究，表明湖泊碳酸盐沉积记录基本不受早期成岩作用的影响，碳酸钙含量和ＣａＯ／ＭｇＯ·Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值可作为湖泊沉物中具高分辨率、短时间尺度的气温变化的代用指标。  相似文献   

Computation of response spectra from mining tremors using neural networks     

K. Ku niar  E. Maci&#x;g  Z. Waszczyszyn 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(4):331-339

Underground coal and copper ore exploitation in two Polish mining regions causes mining tremors and a series of other negative phenomena in the environment. Although these tremors are strictly connected with human activity, they differ considerably from other paraseismic vibrations. The moment of their occurrence is not to be foreseen likewise for earthquakes. The main problem discussed in the paper was formulated as the neural network evaluation of a relation between mining tremor energies, epicentral distances and acceleration response spectra. Back-propagation neural networks with Resilient back-propagation learning method were used. Each input vector included information about the mining tremor energy and the epicentral distance. Values of acceleration response spectrum were expected as the outputs of neural networks. Neurally evaluated spectra were compared with spectra computed on the basis of experimental data. After the network is trained and tested, it can be used for mapping of new data of mining tremor energies and epicentral distances into the spectra. Then, what is the substantial advantage of neural approach, the prediction of acceleration response spectra can be performed without recording of surface vibrations. In the light of the results, it is visible that the presented way of computation of acceleration response spectra can be peculiarly applied to prognosis of mining tremors influences on structures.  相似文献